Definitions

Niqqud

dotting or pointing is a diacritical system of signs (נִקּוּד means point in Hebrew) to represent vowels (i.e. Vowel Points). The most common system was created by the Masoretes of Tiberias in the second half of the first millennium AD in the Land of Israel.  

Holam

holam (חוֹלָם) is vowel sign represented by a dot above the upper left corner of the consonant letter that makes an ō sound like boat  

Mappiq

mappiq א (מפיק which means "causing to go out" in Hebrew) is a vowel point which takes the form of a dot in the middle of a letter (usually the hey ה, and rarely the aleph א). An identical point with a different phonetic function (marking different consonants) is called a dagesh.  

Dagesh

dagesh (דָּגֵשׁ) means emphasis (plural dagashim) and is a vowel point which takes the form of a dot in the middle of a letter and has the effect of modifying the sound in one of two ways. An identical mark called mappiq, has a different phonetic function, and can be applied to different consonants; the same mark is also employed in the vowel shuruk ּ. The two functions of dagesh are distinguished as either kal (light) or hazak (strong).
  dagesh kal may be placed inside the consonants ב bet, ג gimel, ד dalet, כ kaf, פ pe and ת tav. This is made into an acronmy called BeGadKeFat     

  dagesh hazak (דגש חזק) may be placed in almost any letter, this indicated a doubling of that consonant in the pronunciation of pre-modern Hebrew. The following letters, the gutturals, almost never have a dagesh. A few instances of resh with dagesh are masoretically recorded in the Hebrew Bible, as well as a few cases of aleph with a dagesh, such as in Lev 23:17.     

Gutturals

The Hebrew gutturals are א aleph, ה hey, ח chet, ע ayin, ר resh.   

Kubutz and Shuruk

both of these letters represent the u sound like boot. Kubutz has three dots underneath like here (using a bet)... בֻ shuruk always uses the letter vav with a dot in the middle and to the left of it like... וּ.
The dot is identical to the grammatically different signs unicode #1468 (dagesh and mapiq), Shuruk itself is a vowel sign, so if the letter before the vav doesn't have its own vowel sign then the vav with the dot is a Shuruk and otherwise it is a vav with a Dagesh or a Mappiq. Furthermore, the Mappiq only appears at the end of the word and only in the letter He (ה) {exception with the Aleph}  

Ktiv Hasar Niqqud

are the rules for writing Hebrew without vowel pointers (niqqud), often replacing them with matres lectionis. כתיב חסר ניקוד literally means "spelling lacking niqqud", colloquially known as ktiv male כתיב מלא To avoid confusion, the Hebrew consonants vav ו and sometimes the hey ה or yood are doubled in the middle of words.  

Matres Lectionis

Hebrew used to only contain consonant letters which can be confusion because it can be read differently so some of the consonant letters were used for the indication of long vowels. The long vowel used is vav ו and sometimes the hey ה or yood י are used. This thing came to be known as matres lectionis (Latin mothers of reading).  

Shva

Here is a link for this.    Shva Nach (the resting, or silent shva)   

Holam Haser

is written as vav ו in text without niqqud (vowel points).

Paleo Hebrew Alephbet

Here is a link for this.  

QereKetiv

The most important of the Masoretic notes are those that detail the Qere קְרֵי ^{(what is read)} and Ketiv כְּתִיב ^{(what is written)} that are located in the Masorah parva in the outside margins of BHS. Given that the Masoretes would not alter the sacred consonantal text, the Kethiv-Qere notes were a way of "correcting" or commenting on the text for any number of reasons (grammatical, theological, aesthetic, etc.) deemed important by the copyist. [22] Source  . For a more detailed page see Qere Ketiv  .
See list  of verses.